The problem of personal IDENTITY among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic problem of personal IDENTITY raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the IDENTITY of the person over time. The synchronic problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for personal IDENTITY over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for personal IDENTITY; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving personal IDENTITY through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of personal IDENTITY? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of personal IDENTITY, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the problem of personal IDENTITY. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the problem of personal IDENTITY.

The discourse of political Islam has been regarded as an interpretation of Islam that has become predominant in challenge with competents` discources since the establishment of IRI and emphasized on Islamic comprehensive and maximum role-creating in human life. This discourse, relying on Islamic IDENTITY, has limited and defined its border of IDENTITY with other competent sub-discourses. In this way, Islamic discource has considered the identities of nationality, race and world as being under the essential IDENTITY of Islamism. This study, using the theory of discourse and analytico-documentive method has intended to response the question: what threatening agents may be found against the IDENTITY of political discourse of Islam in contemporary Iran? IDENTITY management and policy-making to oppose the CHALLENGES of the discourse of political Islam make it necessary to recognize national, reginal and worldly CHALLENGES exactly, the fact studied positively and negatively in this research.

Given the transition of our society from traditional to modern IDENTITY, present research studies the CHALLENGES that youth face in terms of IDENTITY in everyday life context, using social interpretivism approach. We have tried to achieve a grounded theory through qualitative method and interview technique. Based on theoretical sampling and standard of theory Saturation, 28 interviews have been done with 20-30 year-old youth in Isfahan. Findings include 21 categories. The main category of this survey is” Selectivity of IDENTITY Elements” which encompassed other categories. According to core category two research findings are “ textural contrast between tradition and modernity” and “ increasing individualism” . based on results, main finding of the research points to increased individualism toward modern IDENTITY and contrast of modern and traditional context. Age and Preferences are among contextual conditions that create a generation gap between youth and their parents. The grounded theory was then developed and visualized into a paradigm model.

The current research was conducted with the aim of the effect of attachment style on emotion regulation with the mediating role of IDENTITY style. The research method was descriptive and structural equation analysis. The statistical population of the research was all second year high school students of Kashan city in the academic year of 1400-1401, of which 500 people were selected by random cluster method. Data were collected based on three questionnaires: Gross & Jan (2003) Emotional Regulation Inventory, IDENTITY Style Scale (6G-ISI) and Collins and Reid (1990) Attachment Style Questionnaire. The data are obtained by structural equation modeling and using Laserl 8.8 and 26 spss software. analyzed. Based on the results, secure attachment style at a significance level of 0.01, avoidant attachment style at a significance level of 0.05, and ambivalent attachment style at a significance level of 0.01 directly predicted emotion regulation. Among the three attachments, secure attachment style predicted emotion regulation at a significant level of 0.01, with the mediation of IDENTITY styles. Informational IDENTITY style at a significance level of 0.01, confused IDENTITY style at a significance level of 0.05 directly predicted emotion regulation. Among the three attachments, only the secure attachment style at a significance level of 0.01 had a significant role in predicting the normative IDENTITY style. According to the results of this study, emotion regulation is one of the most important constructs of educational psychology and an important factor in determining mental health and successful performance. It is in education that the factors affecting emotion regulation and its antecedents should be identified. Planning for training and holding educational workshops in this field in schools is suggested for students.

The unity of contemporary world is more than ever. Developments of technology in recent decades and increased global communication have led to an unprecedented acceleration of globalization and world unity. One consequences of this phenomenon has been the expansion of global culture that consisted of different values and has changed the context in which identities are constructed. At first the characteristics of global culture and its consequences for IDENTITY formation have been discussed, including: Bicultural IDENTITY, IDENTITY confusion, self-selected cultures, spread of emerging adulthood, virtual IDENTITY, and consuming IDENTITY. Then the CHALLENGES of globalization for counselors and psychologists have been discussed, CHALLENGES such as the necessity of more flexible and extended perspective to developmental issues specially IDENTITY formation, more complexity of emerged problems for clients, and necessity of applying new and different approaches and strategies in practice. Finally some strategies for effective engagement with these CHALLENGES have been offered.

Since the victory of Islamic revolution of Iran, religion-oriented IDENTITY of Islamic revolution has been the central IDENTITY of Iranian society; however, religious IDENTITY of Islamic revolution has faced some CHALLENGES. This article is mainly concerned with these CHALLENGES, has studies and explained them and has tried to offer some solutions to strengthen the religion-oriented IDENTITY of Islamic revolution. Findings of this article indicate that CHALLENGES for the religion-oriented IDENTITY of Islamic revolution of Iran can be studied and analyzed based on three main CHALLENGES as follow: 1-Secular IDENTITY under the influence of modernity and western liberal democratic values; 2-Ancient-Royalistic IDENTITY with pre-Islamic extreme patriotic aspirations; 3-IDENTITY taken from ethnic nationalism and misguided sectarianism. West's animosity against religion-oriented IDENTITY of Islamic revolution has also added to these CHALLENGES. In line with this issue, this article has offered some solutions to tackle these CHALLENGES through institutionalizing justice among different strata of the society as well as transformation of foundations and resources of humanities corresponding to fundamental values of Iranian society.

The world is on the verge of one of the biggest changes in the history of man, the quick changes which do not provide the opportunity for cultural education, creating norms, finding IDENTITY and adapting with the social conditions. These changes are so fast that according to Bourdieu one does not have the opportunity to mentally and subjectively interact with it. In fact the process of globalization which is referred to it as compression of time and place can threaten the traditional cultures and can lead to diffusion of global culture and values. These developments can cause great changes in different fields including the collective kind of IDENTITY (specially the national IDENTITY as an all inclusive level of collective IDENTITY). A look at the theories of globalization and other explanations related to it reveals that globalization offers opportunities as well as CHALLENGES. In this direction the important matters is protecting different layers of IDENTITY of the citizens in their constructive interaction with outside world and making use of the opportunities of globalization like communication and information technology and not resisting and confronting it. The integration and joining of the developing countries to the process of globalization does not mean westernization or renouncing or losing one’s essential IDENTITY but it means accepting it like a critical phenomenon in the turbulent path of globalization and a departure from a maverick life.

This article explains the consequences of the Islamic IDENTITY in the Western societies from a sociological perspective. The extensive literature reviewed in this paper supports the fact that Muslims in the western societies have been substantially affected by such recent events as the 9.11 in the US and 7.7 in the UK. This particularly applies to Muslim women due to their Islamic dress codes. Using logistic regression analysis and the theory of discrimination associated with cultural and religious IDENTITY, it also examines whether and how significantly the status of Muslims in the western contexts is associated with their religious IDENTITY. Generally speaking, the results indicate the key pattern that those with the Islamic dress codes are more likely to be excluded in the West.